Methodology and Sources

calx.io is a set of Australian financial calculators built on one principle: trust through accuracy. Every rate comes from published Australian Taxation Office (ATO) or state revenue office material, every calculation runs in your browser, and every calculator links to its sources. There are no ads, no accounts and no tracking of your figures.

You will see calx.io on the calculators and calx.com.au in the address bar. Both take you to the same Australian site, which is independent and not affiliated with any government agency, bank or super fund.

• ATO: income tax brackets, Low Income Tax Offset, Seniors and Pensioners Tax Offset, Medicare levy and Medicare Levy Surcharge thresholds, HECS/HELP repayment thresholds, superannuation guarantee rate and concessional caps. See the full tables on the tax rates page.
• State and territory revenue offices: transfer (stamp) duty rates, first home buyer concessions and foreign purchaser surcharges, plus land tax scales, thresholds and absentee owner surcharges for all 8 jurisdictions. Each result on the stamp duty and land tax calculators links to the official source.
• APRA guidance: the 3 percentage point serviceability buffer lenders are required to apply when assessing home loans (APRA is the banking regulator).
• Household Expenditure Measure (HEM): the industry benchmark for minimum living expenses, scaled by household type, dependants and income, as lenders do.
• ASFA Retirement Standard: the benchmark annual budgets for a comfortable retirement used by the super calculator (ASFA is the super industry association).

Rates and thresholds were last refreshed in July 2026. Where the ATO has not yet published next year's indexed thresholds, the prior year's values are carried forward and flagged on the tax rates page.

The pay calculator and tax tracker share the same tax data and core tax calculations (brackets, LITO, HECS/HELP bands and Medicare Levy Surcharge tiers) but run separate calculation flows suited to their inputs. Both work on annual figures: gross pay is converted to an annual amount, pre-tax deductions (salary sacrifice, novated lease, work deductions) reduce taxable income, then income tax is applied bracket by bracket for your category (resident, non-resident, working holiday maker, or resident without the tax-free threshold for a second job).

Offsets (LITO, SAPTO, franking credits) reduce the tax payable. The 2% Medicare levy applies to residents, with the low-income phase-in, and the Medicare Levy Surcharge applies above the threshold when you do not hold private hospital cover. HECS/HELP repayments use the marginal system from FY2025-26 (a percentage of income above each threshold) and the flat-rate tables for earlier years, calculated on repayment income: taxable income plus reportable fringe benefits and salary-sacrificed super.

Every pay calculator result includes an expandable "How this is calculated" breakdown so you can audit each step.

The pay calculator can run the question the other way round: tell it the take-home pay you want and it works out the salary that produces it. This is the same calculation described above, searched rather than read forward. Nothing about the tax rules changes, and no second set of tax logic exists.

Every other input is held exactly as you have set it: financial year, whether super is included in your salary, student debt, Medicare and private hospital cover, salary sacrifice, deductions, novated lease and family settings. Only the salary is varied. The salary the search settles on is then run through the normal calculator one more time, and every figure shown comes from that run, so the answer is never the amount you typed reflected back at you. The result always shows what you asked for, what the salary actually takes home, and the difference between them.

Salaries are solved to the nearest dollar, or the nearest cent for a day or hourly rate, so the take-home usually lands within about a dollar a year of the target rather than exactly on it. When it does not land exactly the result is labelled a closest estimate.

Take-home pay does not always rise smoothly with salary. In the years where HECS/HELP is charged as a flat percentage of your whole repayment income (2024-25 and earlier), and in 2021-22 where the low and middle income tax offset ended at a fixed income, crossing the threshold costs a lump of tax at once. That means two different salaries can produce the same take-home pay. Where that happens both are shown, with the rule that causes it named, and neither is presented as the better answer.

The Medicare levy surcharge steps in the same way, but it is assessed through your tax return rather than withheld from each pay, so the pay calculator reports it separately and does not subtract it from take-home pay. It therefore does not affect the salary solved for here.

The result is an estimate of the salary that produces a take-home figure under these rules. It is not a payroll determination, and an employer's own withholding, pay cycle rounding and package structure can differ.

The tax return tracker estimates a full-year position rather than a pay packet, for the 2022-23 year onwards. It adds the income types an individual return reports (salary and wages, interest, dividends, rental, capital gains, business, trust and foreign income) and subtracts the deductions you itemise, then applies the same brackets, offsets, Medicare levy and HECS/HELP rules as the pay calculator. Franked dividends are grossed up by their franking credits into assessable income before the credits are applied as a refundable offset. Capital gains are entered as the net capital gain, the amount that belongs in taxable income after the main residence exemption, capital losses and the CGT discount; the tracker adds that figure as it stands and applies no discount of its own. The capital gains calculator below works the net gain out for one sale and can hand it across.

It is an estimate to help you prepare, not a lodgement. It does not connect to myGov, does not pre-fill from the ATO, and does not lodge anything. Figures follow ATO individual tax return guidance for the year you select.

The HECS/HELP calculator projects year by year when a debt is cleared, following the ATO's real crediting order rather than a simple balance reduction: voluntary repayments made before 1 June come off first, then indexation is applied to the remaining balance on 1 June, then the year's compulsory repayment is credited when your return is assessed. Amounts withheld from your pay during the year do not reduce the balance until then, which is why a debt can grow in a year you were paying it down.

Compulsory repayments use the same ATO repayment bands as the pay calculator, capped at the remaining debt. Indexation defaults to 2.8%, the rate applied on 1 June 2026, which is set as the lower of CPI and the Wage Price Index; you can change it, and repayment thresholds are indexed forward with the salary growth assumption because they track average weekly earnings. The one-off 20% debt reduction of June 2025 is not applied, because it is already reflected in the balance the ATO shows you.

The shift and penalty rates calculator turns an hourly rate and a weekly roster into an annual gross: each shift type (ordinary, evening or night, Saturday, Sunday, public holiday) is paid at the base rate plus its penalty loading, with casual loading added on top for casuals, the additive approach most modern awards use. The annualised gross then runs through the same tax engine as the pay calculator. Penalty loadings vary by award and are entered by you; the calculator links to the Fair Work pay calculator for authoritative award rates rather than modelling the awards themselves.

The pay rise calculator and the job and pay comparison calculator add no tax rules of their own. Each runs the full pay engine once per scenario and reports the difference, so a comparison is always two complete take-home calculations rather than an estimate applied to a gap. That is why a rise can cross a tax bracket without the result ever showing a fall in take-home pay.

Both assume a resident who claims the tax-free threshold and holds private hospital cover unless you change those settings, and the pay rise calculator uses the current financial year. Employer super, Medicare and HECS/HELP are recalculated in each scenario rather than held constant.

The novated lease calculator runs the pay engine twice, with and without the lease, instead of multiplying the lease cost by a marginal rate. That matters when the packaged amount crosses a tax bracket, where the shortcut overstates the saving.

When you enter the car's value, fringe benefits tax is modelled the way providers structure packages. Petrol and diesel cars use the employee contribution method: the statutory 20% of the car's base value is paid from after-tax salary to cancel the FBT liability, and only the remainder is packaged before tax. Eligible electric cars are exempt from FBT and stay fully pre-tax, but the reportable fringe benefits amount (the taxable value grossed up by 1.8868 once it exceeds $2,000) is still counted as income for HECS/HELP repayments and the Medicare Levy Surcharge. Without a car value, a petrol or diesel result is labelled as a before-FBT estimate. Rates follow the ATO's FBT guidance and the electric car exemption.

The redundancy calculator applies the National Employment Standards weeks scale at your base rate, then the ATO's genuine redundancy rules: the indexed tax-free amount (a base plus an amount per completed year of service), ETP tax on the excess at the concessional rates up to the ETP cap, and flat 32% withholding on unused annual and long service leave. It models a genuine redundancy only: using your date of birth and termination date it checks the ATO condition that you are under Age Pension age on the day of dismissal, and blocks the result with an explanation when you are not, because non-genuine payments depend on your other income (the whole-of-income cap). The 17% concessional ETP rate applies when you reach preservation age by 30 June of the payment year. Figures are verified against ATO withholding schedules 7 and 11 and Fair Work guidance.

Notice is a separate entitlement from redundancy pay, and the calculator keeps the two apart. Under the National Employment Standards the minimum employer notice is 1 week for not more than 1 year of continuous service, 2 weeks for more than 1 and up to 3 years, 3 weeks for more than 3 and up to 5, and 4 weeks beyond that, with one extra week where you are over 45 years old and have completed at least 2 years of service when notice is given. Exactly 45 is not over 45, and that extra week increases notice only: it never changes the redundancy pay weeks. Because the service bands use "more than" boundaries while the calculator holds completed whole years, a result at 1, 3 or 5 years is labelled as estimated, and you can enter your own total notice entitlement from an award, agreement or contract instead. Age is tested on the day notice was given, so where that may differ from your termination date the calculator says so and lets you enter the notice date. Source: Fair Work Act 2009 s 117 and Fair Work Ombudsman, "Notice of termination and redundancy pay".

Payment in lieu of notice is shown as a gross figure and is deliberately excluded from the estimated tax and net payout. Whether it is taxed as part of a genuine redundancy payment depends on whether the amount exceeds what you would have been paid on a voluntary termination, which turns on your own employment terms. Rather than guess, the calculator reports the gross amount and says the treatment depends on your circumstances.

Years of continuous service is your figure, not an assumed one: it drives both the weeks payable and the tax-free limit, so the calculator shows no result until you enter it. When you have not given both a date of birth and a termination date, the Age Pension condition cannot be checked, so the tax-free amount is shown as assumed rather than confirmed until you confirm it.

Long service leave is state law, not federal, so the calculator holds a separate rule set for each state and territory, taken from that jurisdiction's own authority and linked on every result. The rules that differ most are the accrual rate (most states accrue about 0.867 weeks per year of service, South Australia and the Northern Territory 1.3), when the full entitlement arrives (10 years in most states, 7 in Victoria and the ACT), and when a pro-rata entitlement can be paid out on leaving (from 5 years in NSW and the ACT, 7 elsewhere).

Leave accrues from your first day everywhere; the thresholds control access to it, not whether it builds up. Some states pay pro-rata leave on resignation for any reason, others only for specific reasons such as illness or redundancy, and the calculator states which applies rather than assuming. Portable schemes for construction, cleaning and community services (QLeave, CoINVEST and equivalents) follow separate rules and are not modelled. Where your ordinary pay is not simply salary divided by 52, you can enter a weekly figure directly.

The borrowing power calculator works the way lenders assess serviceability, not on rules of thumb. Salaries are converted to after-tax (net) income using the same ATO tax engine. Bonus, overtime, rental and other income are taxed at the marginal rate and then counted at 80%, as lenders do. HECS/HELP repayments are estimated from each applicant's income at ATO rates, not as a flat percentage of the balance.

Living expenses use the higher of your declared figure and a HEM benchmark scaled by household type, dependants and income. The Household Expenditure Measure lenders licence is not published, so the benchmark calx applies is its own approximation of it; a lender uses its own living-expense assessment and may hold different HEM data or override it, which is one reason the result is indicative rather than a lender quote. Credit cards are assessed at 3.8% of the limit per month. The loan is then sized with a principal-and-interest annuity formula at your rate plus the 3 percentage point APRA buffer. Deposit, loan-to-value ratio (LVR), an indicative lenders mortgage insurance (LMI) estimate and a maximum purchase price are derived from your savings, capped at 95% LVR.

The monthly repayment is the standard amortisation formula at your rate divided by 12, over the number of months in the term, rounded to the nearest cent. Weekly and fortnightly amounts are converted from that monthly figure rather than calculated as a separate annuity, because that is what Australian lenders document, and you choose which conversion your lender uses: dividing the yearly total by 26 or 52 keeps your yearly amount the same as paying monthly, while halving or quartering the monthly repayment works out to about 13 monthly repayments a year. Calx rounds to the nearest cent and does not model lender-specific rounding.

Interest accrues daily at your annual rate divided by 365, including in leap years, on your loan balance less any offset balance at the end of that day. Each month of daily interest is rounded to the cent and added to the loan on the last day of the calendar month, and the interest added that day starts earning interest from the following day. Because accrual runs on the end-of-day balance, a repayment reduces the interest for the day it is made, which is the whole reason paying more often saves anything. Lenders vary on the exact charge day (the last calendar day, the last business day, or a day set in your loan offer) and on that own-day boundary. Over a 30-year loan the difference between those conventions is a few dollars.

The loan is simulated one calendar day at a time from the settlement date, so real month lengths and leap days are counted rather than approximated. The final repayment is a smaller closing payment that clears the balance plus the interest accrued since the last monthly charge, and that residual interest is counted in the total interest figure. During an interest-only period each repayment is the interest accrued since the previous repayment date, so the balance does not drift with the days in a month or a leap year; the quoted interest-only figure is one period of interest at the nominal rate (the rate divided by 12, then converted like-for-like to your frequency), which is why it says about. Choosing how a fortnightly or weekly amount is worked out changes the principal-and-interest repayment after the period, not the interest-only figure. When the period ends the principal-and-interest repayment is worked out once, on the principal still owing at that point (the amount borrowed less any extra repayments made during the period) over the remaining contractual term, which is how lenders recalculate it. It is not re-worked after later extra repayments: those shorten the loan rather than lowering the repayment. An interest-only period always leaves at least a year of principal and interest. A loan already running is modelled forward from the date its balance is as at (today unless a date is set): the balance entered is the opening principal, the remaining years and months are the term in whole months, and the repayment entered is the scheduled repayment exactly as typed, with the minimum for that term shown beside it. Interest accrued since the last statement is not included. A repayment that does not cover the interest is reported as never repaid, with no payoff date or saving. The simulation runs for the term plus fifteen years; a repayment that covers the interest but has not cleared the loan by then is reported as not reached within that horizon, and no payoff date, total interest or saving is invented for it. A one-off lump sum is taken off the balance on its date, before that day's repayment, and never beyond what is owed. The year by year table counts loan years from the settlement date; the month by month view counts calendar months, the way a statement does, and both are folds of the same simulation so they always agree with each other and with the totals. Savings are measured against a baseline of the same loan, term, rate, repayment and settings with no extra repayments, no lump sum and no offset, run through the same simulation; nothing else differs, and no saving is claimed when either run never repays. Fees, rate changes, weekend and public holiday payment shifts, and redraw restrictions are not modelled.

The Home Loan Refinance and Break-even Calculator compares two loans rather than costing one. Your current loan and the proposed one are both run forward from the comparison date through the same daily simulation described above, so the interest basis, the month-end charge, the offset effect and the closing payment are identical on both sides and nothing about the comparison depends on a second engine.

On every calendar day each loan is measured the same way: the total you have paid it, plus what you still owe on it including interest accrued since the last charge, plus any money paid outside the loan, less any cashback received. That is the loan's economic position, and the difference between the two positions is how much better or worse off the refinance leaves you on that day. Money that pays down principal moves from your cash into your equity rather than being spent, which is why what you have paid and what you still owe are added together: two loans that differ only in how fast the principal comes down compare as equal, and a longer term with a lower minimum repayment can never look like a saving when it is only paying more slowly. Break-even is the first day the difference reaches zero and never falls below zero again before both loans are finished, so a cashback or a fee anniversary cannot produce a crossover that is later undone. When the two loans cost the same on every day the result says so rather than claiming an immediate break-even, and when a lower rate never recovers its costs the result is an explicit no break-even rather than a date.

Switching costs are the total you enter, never estimated: discharge, application, valuation, settlement, mortgage registration, lenders mortgage insurance and any break cost your lender has quoted. The part you add to the new loan raises the balance that loan opens at and accrues interest from the first day, and is counted once as borrowing rather than a second time as a cash cost; the rest is cash paid on the comparison date. A cashback is credited on the date you say you expect it, because lenders pay at different times. Annual package fees on either loan are charged one year after the comparison date and on each anniversary while that loan is still open, symmetrically, so the fee you already pay today is not pretended to fall due again now; they are not pro-rated, and a fee falling on the day a loan is paid off is not charged. An offset balance is your own money and is held at the same amount throughout, so choosing whether it follows you to the new loan changes only which loan's daily interest it reduces, never how much you own.

Both rates are the nominal interest rates you enter and are held constant for the whole comparison. This is not a rate forecast, and it is not a comparison rate: a comparison rate already folds in fees that this calculator counts separately, so entering one would charge them twice. The proposed loan keeps whatever is left of your current term unless you set a different one, and a longer proposed term is flagged wherever it appears, with both payoff dates shown. Alongside the proposed minimum repayment, a second result keeps your current repayment budget, converted to the proposed cycle so the yearly amount is the same; when that converted amount is below the proposed minimum the strategy is reported as unavailable with the shortfall, rather than quietly substituting the minimum. Weekly and fortnightly minimums use the same-yearly-amount conversion from the monthly figure. Results are nominal dollars, with no inflation, present value, tax deductibility, opportunity cost or change in what the property is worth. Fixed and introductory rate periods, interest-only, split and construction loans, cash-out and debt consolidation, redraw, lenders mortgage insurance estimation, eligibility and lender approval are all outside the model. Moneysmart's guidance on switching home loans is the plain-English companion to this: the benefits have to outweigh the costs, and a longer new term can cost more even at a lower rate.

The Car Loan Repayments calculator models one product: a fixed rate, reducing balance consumer car loan with level repayments and an optional balloon payment. The amount financed is the vehicle price less your deposit and trade-in, plus the establishment fee when you add that to the loan. The monthly repayment is the level amount whose present value, plus the present value of the balloon, equals the amount financed, rounded to the cent. At a rate of zero it is simply the amount financed less the balloon, spread over the term.

A balloon payment is residual principal: the part of the loan you have not repaid when the term ends, due as one lump sum after your last regular repayment. Because it is discounted at the loan rate, it stays part of the balance the whole term and is charged interest the whole term, which is why a balloon lowers each repayment and raises the total interest. The percentage is a percentage of the amount borrowed for the car, not of the vehicle price and not of the amount financed, so it does not move when you switch the establishment fee between financed and upfront. The only limit calx enforces is the mathematical one, that the balloon is less than the amount financed. Lender caps vary (ANZ publishes 50% at three years falling to 30% at five, Pepper Money publishes none at six years or more) so they are shown as guidance and never applied as a rule.

Monthly is the contractual repayment and every other figure comes from it: the fortnightly and weekly amounts are that monthly repayment times 12 divided by 26 or 52, so your yearly total is the same. Some lenders instead halve or quarter the monthly repayment, which is about 13 monthly repayments a year, and some car lenders debit monthly only and have no weekly or fortnightly amount at all. Interest, the schedule and every total are worked out on the monthly basis whichever frequency you display.

Interest for each month is the balance times your annual rate divided by 12, rounded to the cent. That is the model every lender quoting tool and published worked example uses to produce a repayment. Actual lenders commonly work interest out daily on the balance and charge it monthly, so a statement can differ from these figures by a few dollars over the term. The final regular repayment absorbs the cents left over from rounding, so the balloon is due exactly as entered, and the schedule shows the balloon as its own maturity event rather than folding it into the last year.

Fees have three treatments and none is counted twice. A financed establishment fee is principal and earns interest. An upfront establishment fee is a cash cost, in the totals but not in the loan. A monthly account fee is kept out of the headline repayment, because it is billed monthly and has no per fortnight or per week amount, but it is inside total fees, total paid to lender and the total cost of the car. Total interest, total fees, total paid to lender and total cost of the car all reconcile to the cent.

Not modelled: negative equity on a trade-in, extra repayments and early payout (fixed rate car loans commonly carry break costs), a comparison rate, novated leases and their tax treatment, dealer Guaranteed Future Value products and their guarantee, flat rate or add-on finance, motor vehicle stamp duty, registration, insurance, depreciation, servicing, fuel or charging, and business use deductions.

Transfer duty uses each state and territory's published rate tables, including owner-occupier rates (VIC, QLD, WA), first home buyer exemptions and concessions, foreign purchaser surcharges, and the NT's quadratic formula. Victoria's pensioner concession is calculated; for other states the calculator shows a reminder to check the revenue office because eligibility rules vary too much to model reliably. First home concessions follow each revenue office's published method: in NSW the saving between $800,000 and $1,000,000 (and on vacant land between $350,000 and $450,000) is the duty at the exemption threshold scaled by how far the price sits below the cap, as the Revenue NSW calculator applies it; in Queensland the first home concession is a stepped amount by $10,000 band taken off the home concession duty; in Victoria it is a sliding percentage of the duty. One simplification remains: the rate tables that charge per $100 "or part thereof" are applied to the exact price, so a price that is not a whole hundred can sit a few dollars under the official figure.

Land tax uses each state and territory's published progressive rate scale, applied to the total taxable land (site) value you enter, the same aggregated basis the state revenue offices assess on. Separate company and trust scales are applied where they exist (VIC trust surcharge rates, QLD companies and trustees, SA trusts, NSW special trusts), along with foreign and absentee owner surcharges and WA's metropolitan region improvement tax. The ACT is the exception: it assesses each property separately, as a fixed charge plus marginal rates on that property's average unimproved value (AUV, the average of up to the last 5 years of unimproved values), so enter one property's AUV and calculate each ACT rental separately. The Northern Territory levies no land tax. Exemptions (your own home, primary production) are excluded by entering only taxable land value.

The super calculator projects your balance year by year to retirement: employer contributions at the super guarantee rate plus any salary sacrifice, less 15% contributions tax, with investment returns, fees, inflation and salary growth applied annually. Results are shown in both nominal dollars and today's dollars. Retirement income is estimated with a real-return drawdown to age 90 and compared against the ASFA comfortable standard.

Employer contributions are the super guarantee rate on earnings up to the maximum contribution base ($270,830 for 2026-27), the most the guarantee requires an employer to pay on, and not on the part of a salary above it. The base is indexed to average weekly ordinary time earnings and future values are not published, so the projection moves it forward at your salary growth assumption, the same wage proxy the HECS/HELP calculator uses for its repayment thresholds. Salary sacrifice, your balance and investment earnings are never capped. An employer paying super on a full salary under a contract will produce a higher balance than the projection shows.

The retirement age is the age the projection runs to, and it is never changed for you. Super is generally preserved until age 60 (the preservation age for anyone born after 30 June 1964, which covers everyone young enough to enter a lower retirement age), and drawing on it also needs a condition of release such as retiring, leaving a job after 60 or turning 65. For a retirement age below 60 the calculator shows the projected balance but no retirement income from that age. Early release on hardship, compassionate or medical grounds is not modelled.

The capital gains calculator covers one disposal by an Australian resident individual of shares, ETFs, managed funds, crypto, another investment asset, or a property. It works out the capital proceeds and the cost base, applies the main residence exemption where one applies, then your capital losses, then the 50% discount to what is left.

Property is supported for four situations, each with a complete published method: an investment property that was never your home, a home that qualified for the full main residence exemption throughout, a home you later rented out after one move, and a rental you later moved into. Capital improvements go into the cost base at what they cost, and capital works deductions under Division 43 and decline in value deductions under Division 40 then come off both the cost base and the reduced cost base: the two are separate entries, not one netted figure, which is how the ATO worked example does it. A deduction can only remove expenditure actually incurred, so the cost base is never reduced below nil. Where a home starts earning income, the law treats it as bought again that day for its market value, and that value has to come from you: it is never estimated, interpolated, or taken from the purchase or sale price. Where the six-year absence rule is chosen, the calculator counts the days it covers, including any time the dwelling earned nothing, and works out the taxable share of the gain from the rest. Where it is not chosen, the whole period from the move out to the sale counts against the exemption: only that choice can treat an absence as though you still lived there, so a rental ending does not make the place your home again. Days are counted from contract date to contract date, including both, which is how the ATO counts them in its published examples.

Property cases outside that list are refused with an explanation rather than estimated: an inherited property or a deceased estate, part of a home used to earn income, moving out and back more than once, building or renovating before moving in, land over 2 hectares, a spouse or dependent child with a different main residence, overlapping main residences, a rollover, and anything bought, subdivided, built on or renovated mainly to sell at a profit. That last one is not a capital gain at all: the profit is ordinary income, and neither the discount nor the main residence exemption reduces it.

The order matters and is the part people most often get wrong. Current-year capital losses come off first, then losses carried forward from earlier years, and only then is the remaining gain halved. Applying the discount first would understate the gain. A capital loss can only reduce capital gains, never salary or other income, and anything unused carries forward.

The 50% discount needs the asset to have been acquired at least 12 months before the capital gains tax event. Taxation Determination TD 2002/10 reads that as a clear year: 365 whole days, or 366 when the year in between contains a 29 February, so the discount starts the day after the first anniversary and the anniversary itself is one day short. An asset bought on 20 June and sold on 20 June the following year does not qualify. The anniversary of a 29 February purchase is 28 February. Both dates are contract dates, not settlement dates, and the sale contract date is what decides which financial year the gain falls in.

Some sales are refused rather than estimated, and each says why. Assets bought before 20 September 1985 are outside capital gains tax, so a gain or loss on them is generally disregarded. Temporary residents are Australian residents for tax purposes but do not get the 50% discount, so their position is not priced here. Foreign residents, sales on or after 1 July 2027, and financial years before 2022-23 are refused for the reasons given on the page. An asset bought between 20 September 1985 and 21 September 1999 carries a choice between the discount and frozen cost base indexation; this calculator always applies the discount, which is the better result unless large capital losses absorb the gain, and it says so at the result.

The cost base has five elements: what you paid, the incidental costs of buying and selling, non-deductible costs of owning the asset, capital improvements, and costs of establishing or defending title. The third of those is left out when working out a capital loss, which is why proceeds can occasionally land between the two figures and produce neither a gain nor a loss. Cost base reductions, such as a tax-deferred amount shown on a managed fund statement, lower the cost base and so raise the gain.

Capital gains tax is not a separate tax and there is no capital gains tax rate. The estimated additional tax is produced by running the same annual tax calculation twice, once without the net capital gain and once with it, changing nothing else. The difference is reported as income tax, Medicare levy, Medicare levy surcharge and study loan repayment, because a gain can move all four. Your actual position depends on your complete return. The result can hand the net capital gain to the tax return tracker, which adds it to the rest of your year; the figure is the only thing carried, and whatever you had already saved in the tracker on that device is kept.

Sales from 1 July 2027 are not estimated. For gains accruing from that date the 50% discount for individuals, trusts and partnerships is replaced by cost base indexation and a minimum 30% tax on real gains, which is already law. A figure worked out under the old rules would be wrong, so the calculator says so instead of showing one.

Savings and investment growth is simulated period by period rather than with a closed-form formula, so fees and contribution timing stay exact and the year-by-year table cannot disagree with the headline. The annual return you enter is converted to a true equivalent periodic rate, which means a 6% assumption grows a starting balance by exactly 6% over a year whether you contribute weekly, fortnightly, monthly or annually. Fees reduce the return rather than being taken as a separate amount, so a 6% return with 1% fees compounds at 5%. That is a simple subtraction of the two annual percentages: a fee deducted from the balance each period would cost a little more, so the fee treatment is a close approximation rather than an exact model of how a fund charges. Inflation is applied only to produce the today's dollars figure, never to the projected balance itself.

Returns are assumed constant and smooth, which no real investment is, and no tax is modelled: income tax on interest and dividends, capital gains tax and franking credits all depend on circumstances this calculator does not ask for. Superannuation is taxed differently again and is projected separately.

• All results are estimates based on the inputs you provide. They are not financial, tax or credit advice.
• The pay calculator models annual tax liability. Actual PAYG withholding from each payslip follows ATO withholding schedules and can differ slightly, with the difference settled at tax return time.
• Family (combined) thresholds for the Medicare levy and the Medicare Levy Surcharge are modelled once you enter a spouse's taxable income or dependent children. Seniors and Pensioners Tax Offset family thresholds, and a spouse's own reportable super or fringe benefits, are not.
• The Seniors and Pensioners Tax Offset is applied as the flat single maximum of $2,230 whenever you switch it on. The real offset starts reducing once rebate income passes a threshold and stops entirely above a higher one ($36,034 and $53,874 for a single in 2026-27), and a member of a couple gets a lower maximum, so a higher-income senior can be shown more offset than they would actually receive. The calculator says so where you switch it on.
• Lender policies differ. Real borrowing power depends on how much of your variable income a lender counts, how it treats expenses, and its credit policy. LMI premiums are banded estimates.
• Stamp duty rate tables are applied to the exact price rather than per $100 or part of $100, and eligibility rules (residence periods, caps, income tests) are simplified. Always confirm with the state revenue office.
• Land tax grouping, joint ownership and secondary deduction rules, special exemptions, and surcharge edge cases are not modelled; the calculator assesses the single aggregated land value you enter.
• Super projections depend heavily on assumed returns, fees and inflation; small changes compound over decades.
• Where next year's indexed thresholds are not yet published by the ATO, prior year values are carried forward and flagged.

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